<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charset="utf-8"><style>body {
width: 45em;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
outline: 1300px solid #fff;
margin: 16px auto;
}
body .markdown-body
{
padding: 30px;
}
@font-face {
font-family: fontawesome-mini;
src: url(data:font/woff;charset=utf-8;base64,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) format('woff');
}
@font-face {
font-family: octicons-anchor;
src: url(data:font/woff;charset=utf-8;base64,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) format('woff');
}
.markdown-body {
font-family: sans-serif;
-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
color: #333333;
overflow: hidden;
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Segoe UI", Arial, freesans, sans-serif;
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.6;
word-wrap: break-word;
}
.markdown-body a {
background: transparent;
}
.markdown-body a:active,
.markdown-body a:hover {
outline: 0;
}
.markdown-body b,
.markdown-body strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
.markdown-body mark {
background: #ff0;
color: #000;
font-style: italic;
font-weight: bold;
}
.markdown-body sub,
.markdown-body sup {
font-size: 75%;
line-height: 0;
position: relative;
vertical-align: baseline;
}
.markdown-body sup {
top: -0.5em;
}
.markdown-body sub {
bottom: -0.25em;
}
.markdown-body h1 {
font-size: 2em;
margin: 0.67em 0;
}
.markdown-body img {
border: 0;
}
.markdown-body hr {
-moz-box-sizing: content-box;
box-sizing: content-box;
height: 0;
}
.markdown-body pre {
overflow: auto;
}
.markdown-body code,
.markdown-body kbd,
.markdown-body pre,
.markdown-body samp {
font-family: monospace, monospace;
font-size: 1em;
}
.markdown-body input {
color: inherit;
font: inherit;
margin: 0;
}
.markdown-body html input[disabled] {
cursor: default;
}
.markdown-body input {
line-height: normal;
}
.markdown-body input[type="checkbox"] {
box-sizing: border-box;
padding: 0;
}
.markdown-body table {
border-collapse: collapse;
border-spacing: 0;
}
.markdown-body td,
.markdown-body th {
padding: 0;
}
.markdown-body .codehilitetable {
border: 0;
border-spacing: 0;
}
.markdown-body .codehilitetable tr {
border: 0;
}
.markdown-body .codehilitetable pre,
.markdown-body .codehilitetable div.codehilite {
margin: 0;
}
.markdown-body .linenos,
.markdown-body .code,
.markdown-body .codehilitetable td {
border: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.markdown-body td:not(.linenos) .linenodiv {
padding: 0 !important;
}
.markdown-body .code {
width: 100%;
}
.markdown-body .linenos div pre,
.markdown-body .linenodiv pre,
.markdown-body .linenodiv {
border: 0;
-webkit-border-radius: 0;
-moz-border-radius: 0;
border-radius: 0;
-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-topleft: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 3px;
border-top-left-radius: 3px;
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;
}
.markdown-body .code div pre,
.markdown-body .code div {
border: 0;
-webkit-border-radius: 0;
-moz-border-radius: 0;
border-radius: 0;
-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-topright: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-bottomright: 3px;
border-top-right-radius: 3px;
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;
}
.markdown-body * {
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.markdown-body input {
font: 13px Helvetica, arial, freesans, clean, sans-serif, "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
line-height: 1.4;
}
.markdown-body a {
color: #4183c4;
text-decoration: none;
}
.markdown-body a:hover,
.markdown-body a:focus,
.markdown-body a:active {
text-decoration: underline;
}
.markdown-body hr {
height: 0;
margin: 15px 0;
overflow: hidden;
background: transparent;
border: 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.markdown-body hr:before,
.markdown-body hr:after {
display: table;
content: " ";
}
.markdown-body hr:after {
clear: both;
}
.markdown-body h1,
.markdown-body h2,
.markdown-body h3,
.markdown-body h4,
.markdown-body h5,
.markdown-body h6 {
margin-top: 15px;
margin-bottom: 15px;
line-height: 1.1;
}
.markdown-body h1 {
font-size: 30px;
}
.markdown-body h2 {
font-size: 21px;
}
.markdown-body h3 {
font-size: 16px;
}
.markdown-body h4 {
font-size: 14px;
}
.markdown-body h5 {
font-size: 12px;
}
.markdown-body h6 {
font-size: 11px;
}
.markdown-body blockquote {
margin: 0;
}
.markdown-body ul,
.markdown-body ol {
padding: 0;
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.markdown-body ol ol,
.markdown-body ul ol {
list-style-type: lower-roman;
}
.markdown-body ul ul ol,
.markdown-body ul ol ol,
.markdown-body ol ul ol,
.markdown-body ol ol ol {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
.markdown-body dd {
margin-left: 0;
}
.markdown-body code,
.markdown-body pre,
.markdown-body samp {
font-family: Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Menlo, Courier, monospace;
font-size: 12px;
}
.markdown-body pre {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.markdown-body kbd {
background-color: #e7e7e7;
background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(#fefefe, #e7e7e7);
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(#fefefe, #e7e7e7);
background-image: linear-gradient(#fefefe, #e7e7e7);
background-repeat: repeat-x;
border-radius: 2px;
border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
color: #000;
padding: 3px 5px;
line-height: 10px;
font: 11px Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Menlo, Courier, monospace;
display: inline-block;
}
.markdown-body>*:first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important;
}
.markdown-body>*:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}
.markdown-body .headeranchor-link {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
display: block;
padding-right: 6px;
padding-left: 30px;
margin-left: -30px;
}
.markdown-body .headeranchor-link:focus {
outline: none;
}
.markdown-body h1,
.markdown-body h2,
.markdown-body h3,
.markdown-body h4,
.markdown-body h5,
.markdown-body h6 {
position: relative;
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 16px;
font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1.4;
}
.markdown-body h1 .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h2 .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h3 .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h4 .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h5 .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h6 .headeranchor {
display: none;
color: #000;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.markdown-body h1:hover .headeranchor-link,
.markdown-body h2:hover .headeranchor-link,
.markdown-body h3:hover .headeranchor-link,
.markdown-body h4:hover .headeranchor-link,
.markdown-body h5:hover .headeranchor-link,
.markdown-body h6:hover .headeranchor-link {
height: 1em;
padding-left: 8px;
margin-left: -30px;
line-height: 1;
text-decoration: none;
}
.markdown-body h1:hover .headeranchor-link .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h2:hover .headeranchor-link .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h3:hover .headeranchor-link .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h4:hover .headeranchor-link .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h5:hover .headeranchor-link .headeranchor,
.markdown-body h6:hover .headeranchor-link .headeranchor {
display: inline-block;
}
.markdown-body h1 {
padding-bottom: 0.3em;
font-size: 2.25em;
line-height: 1.2;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
.markdown-body h2 {
padding-bottom: 0.3em;
font-size: 1.75em;
line-height: 1.225;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
.markdown-body h3 {
font-size: 1.5em;
line-height: 1.43;
}
.markdown-body h4 {
font-size: 1.25em;
}
.markdown-body h5 {
font-size: 1em;
}
.markdown-body h6 {
font-size: 1em;
color: #777;
}
.markdown-body p,
.markdown-body blockquote,
.markdown-body ul,
.markdown-body ol,
.markdown-body dl,
.markdown-body table,
.markdown-body pre,
.markdown-body .admonition {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 16px;
}
.markdown-body hr {
height: 4px;
padding: 0;
margin: 16px 0;
background-color: #e7e7e7;
border: 0 none;
}
.markdown-body ul,
.markdown-body ol {
padding-left: 2em;
}
.markdown-body ul ul,
.markdown-body ul ol,
.markdown-body ol ol,
.markdown-body ol ul {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.markdown-body li>p {
margin-top: 16px;
}
.markdown-body dl {
padding: 0;
}
.markdown-body dl dt {
padding: 0;
margin-top: 16px;
font-size: 1em;
font-style: italic;
font-weight: bold;
}
.markdown-body dl dd {
padding: 0 16px;
margin-bottom: 16px;
}
.markdown-body blockquote {
padding: 0 15px;
color: #777;
border-left: 4px solid #ddd;
}
.markdown-body blockquote>:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
.markdown-body blockquote>:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.markdown-body table {
display: block;
width: 100%;
overflow: auto;
word-break: normal;
word-break: keep-all;
}
.markdown-body table th {
font-weight: bold;
}
.markdown-body table th,
.markdown-body table td {
padding: 6px 13px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.markdown-body table tr {
background-color: #fff;
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
}
.markdown-body table tr:nth-child(2n) {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
}
.markdown-body img {
max-width: 100%;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.markdown-body code,
.markdown-body samp {
padding: 0;
padding-top: 0.2em;
padding-bottom: 0.2em;
margin: 0;
font-size: 85%;
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
border-radius: 3px;
}
.markdown-body code:before,
.markdown-body code:after {
letter-spacing: -0.2em;
content: "\00a0";
}
.markdown-body pre>code {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
font-size: 100%;
word-break: normal;
white-space: pre;
background: transparent;
border: 0;
}
.markdown-body .codehilite {
margin-bottom: 16px;
}
.markdown-body .codehilite pre,
.markdown-body pre {
padding: 16px;
overflow: auto;
font-size: 85%;
line-height: 1.45;
background-color: #f7f7f7;
border-radius: 3px;
}
.markdown-body .codehilite pre {
margin-bottom: 0;
word-break: normal;
}
.markdown-body pre {
word-wrap: normal;
}
.markdown-body pre code {
display: inline;
max-width: initial;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
overflow: initial;
line-height: inherit;
word-wrap: normal;
background-color: transparent;
border: 0;
}
.markdown-body pre code:before,
.markdown-body pre code:after {
content: normal;
}
/* Admonition */
.markdown-body .admonition {
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
position: relative;
border-radius: 3px;
border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
border-left: 6px solid #333;
padding: 10px 10px 10px 30px;
}
.markdown-body .admonition table {
color: #333;
}
.markdown-body .admonition p {
padding: 0;
}
.markdown-body .admonition-title {
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
}
.markdown-body .admonition>.admonition-title {
color: #333;
}
.markdown-body .attention>.admonition-title {
color: #a6d796;
}
.markdown-body .caution>.admonition-title {
color: #d7a796;
}
.markdown-body .hint>.admonition-title {
color: #96c6d7;
}
.markdown-body .danger>.admonition-title {
color: #c25f77;
}
.markdown-body .question>.admonition-title {
color: #96a6d7;
}
.markdown-body .note>.admonition-title {
color: #d7c896;
}
.markdown-body .admonition:before,
.markdown-body .attention:before,
.markdown-body .caution:before,
.markdown-body .hint:before,
.markdown-body .danger:before,
.markdown-body .question:before,
.markdown-body .note:before {
font: normal normal 16px fontawesome-mini;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
line-height: 1.5;
color: #333;
position: absolute;
left: 0;
top: 0;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-left: 10px;
}
.markdown-body .admonition:before {
content: "\f056\00a0";
color: 333;
}
.markdown-body .attention:before {
content: "\f058\00a0";
color: #a6d796;
}
.markdown-body .caution:before {
content: "\f06a\00a0";
color: #d7a796;
}
.markdown-body .hint:before {
content: "\f05a\00a0";
color: #96c6d7;
}
.markdown-body .danger:before {
content: "\f057\00a0";
color: #c25f77;
}
.markdown-body .question:before {
content: "\f059\00a0";
color: #96a6d7;
}
.markdown-body .note:before {
content: "\f040\00a0";
color: #d7c896;
}
.markdown-body .admonition::after {
content: normal;
}
.markdown-body .attention {
border-left: 6px solid #a6d796;
}
.markdown-body .caution {
border-left: 6px solid #d7a796;
}
.markdown-body .hint {
border-left: 6px solid #96c6d7;
}
.markdown-body .danger {
border-left: 6px solid #c25f77;
}
.markdown-body .question {
border-left: 6px solid #96a6d7;
}
.markdown-body .note {
border-left: 6px solid #d7c896;
}
.markdown-body .admonition>*:first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important;
}
.markdown-body .admonition>*:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}
/* progress bar*/
.markdown-body .progress {
display: block;
width: 300px;
margin: 10px 0;
height: 24px;
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
border-radius: 3px;
background-color: #ededed;
position: relative;
box-shadow: inset -1px 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
}
.markdown-body .progress-label {
position: absolute;
text-align: center;
font-weight: bold;
width: 100%; margin: 0;
line-height: 24px;
color: #333;
text-shadow: 1px 1px 0 #fefefe, -1px -1px 0 #fefefe, -1px 1px 0 #fefefe, 1px -1px 0 #fefefe, 0 1px 0 #fefefe, 0 -1px 0 #fefefe, 1px 0 0 #fefefe, -1px 0 0 #fefefe, 1px 1px 2px #000;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
}
.markdown-body .progress-bar {
height: 24px;
float: left;
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
border-radius: 3px;
background-color: #96c6d7;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, .5), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
background-size: 30px 30px;
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(
135deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 27%,
transparent 27%,
transparent 52%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 52%,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 77%,
transparent 77%, transparent
);
background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(
135deg,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 27%, transparent 27%,
transparent 52%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 52%,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 77%, transparent 77%,
transparent
);
background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(
135deg,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 27%, transparent 27%,
transparent 52%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 52%,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 77%, transparent 77%,
transparent
);
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(
135deg,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 27%, transparent 27%,
transparent 52%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 52%,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 77%, transparent 77%,
transparent
);
background-image: linear-gradient(
135deg,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 27%, transparent 27%,
transparent 52%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 52%,
rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 77%, transparent 77%,
transparent
);
}
.markdown-body .progress-100plus .progress-bar {
background-color: #a6d796;
}
.markdown-body .progress-80plus .progress-bar {
background-color: #c6d796;
}
.markdown-body .progress-60plus .progress-bar {
background-color: #d7c896;
}
.markdown-body .progress-40plus .progress-bar {
background-color: #d7a796;
}
.markdown-body .progress-20plus .progress-bar {
background-color: #d796a6;
}
.markdown-body .progress-0plus .progress-bar {
background-color: #c25f77;
}
.markdown-body .candystripe-animate .progress-bar{
-webkit-animation: animate-stripes 3s linear infinite;
-moz-animation: animate-stripes 3s linear infinite;
animation: animate-stripes 3s linear infinite;
}
@-webkit-keyframes animate-stripes {
0% {
background-position: 0 0;
}
100% {
background-position: 60px 0;
}
}
@-moz-keyframes animate-stripes {
0% {
background-position: 0 0;
}
100% {
background-position: 60px 0;
}
}
@keyframes animate-stripes {
0% {
background-position: 0 0;
}
100% {
background-position: 60px 0;
}
}
.markdown-body .gloss .progress-bar {
box-shadow:
inset 0 4px 12px rgba(255, 255, 255, .7),
inset 0 -12px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
}
/* Multimarkdown Critic Blocks */
.markdown-body .critic_mark {
background: #ff0;
}
.markdown-body .critic_delete {
color: #c82829;
text-decoration: line-through;
}
.markdown-body .critic_insert {
color: #718c00 ;
text-decoration: underline;
}
.markdown-body .critic_comment {
color: #8e908c;
font-style: italic;
}
.markdown-body .headeranchor {
font: normal normal 16px octicons-anchor;
line-height: 1;
display: inline-block;
text-decoration: none;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
.headeranchor:before {
content: '\f05c';
}
.markdown-body .task-list-item {
list-style-type: none;
}
.markdown-body .task-list-item+.task-list-item {
margin-top: 3px;
}
.markdown-body .task-list-item input {
margin: 0 4px 0.25em -20px;
vertical-align: middle;
}
/* Media */
@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) {
.markdown-body {
font-size:14px;
}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
.markdown-body {
font-size:16px;
}
}
@media print {
.markdown-body * {
background: transparent !important;
color: black !important;
filter:none !important;
-ms-filter: none !important;
}
.markdown-body {
font-size:12pt;
max-width:100%;
outline:none;
border: 0;
}
.markdown-body a,
.markdown-body a:visited {
text-decoration: underline;
}
.markdown-body .headeranchor-link {
display: none;
}
.markdown-body a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")";
}
.markdown-body abbr[title]:after {
content: " (" attr(title) ")";
}
.markdown-body .ir a:after,
.markdown-body a[href^="javascript:"]:after,
.markdown-body a[href^="#"]:after {
content: "";
}
.markdown-body pre {
white-space: pre;
white-space: pre-wrap;
word-wrap: break-word;
}
.markdown-body pre,
.markdown-body blockquote {
border: 1px solid #999;
padding-right: 1em;
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
.markdown-body .progress,
.markdown-body .progress-bar {
-moz-box-shadow: none;
-webkit-box-shadow: none;
box-shadow: none;
}
.markdown-body .progress {
border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.markdown-body .progress-bar {
height: 22px;
border-right: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.markdown-body tr,
.markdown-body img {
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
.markdown-body img {
max-width: 100% !important;
}
.markdown-body p,
.markdown-body h2,
.markdown-body h3 {
orphans: 3;
widows: 3;
}
.markdown-body h2,
.markdown-body h3 {
page-break-after: avoid;
}
}
</style><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<script>
MathJax.Hub.Config({
config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
extensions: ["tex2jax.js"],
jax: ["input/TeX"],
tex2jax: {
inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], ["\\(","\\)"] ],
displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ["\\[","\\]"] ],
processEscapes: false
},
TeX: {
extensions: ["AMSmath.js", "AMSsymbols.js"],
TagSide: "right",
TagIndent: ".8em",
MultLineWidth: "85%",
equationNumbers: {
autoNumber: "AMS",
},
unicode: {
fonts: "STIXGeneral,'Arial Unicode MS'"
}
},
showProcessingMessages: false
});
</script>
<title>listes</title></head><body><article class="markdown-body"><h1 id="algo-avancee-listes"><a name="user-content-algo-avancee-listes" href="#algo-avancee-listes" class="headeranchor-link" aria-hidden="true"><span class="headeranchor"></span></a>Algo avancée - Listes</h1>
<h2 id="problematique"><a name="user-content-problematique" href="#problematique" class="headeranchor-link" aria-hidden="true"><span class="headeranchor"></span></a>Problématique</h2>
<p>Les tableaux ont une taille fixe. Ce n’est pas intéressant pour des volumes variables de données. En effet, l’espace mémoire est une ressource. Et il ne faut pas gaspiller les ressources.<br />
L’idée est de trouver une manière dynamique de demander de l’espace mémoire en fonction des données à stocker. Le problème est qu’on a plus de lien entre les cases. Il faut alors également réserver de l’espace dans la “case” pour le chaînage (quel est l’élément suivant).<br />
Cette structure de données correspond aux listes.</p>
<p>L’avantage des listes est son dynamisme. Son inconvénient est la lenteur de l’accès aux données (on est obligés de passer par la tête de la liste puis par toutes les cases suivantes pour accéder à une valeur).</p>
<h2 id="exercices"><a name="user-content-exercices" href="#exercices" class="headeranchor-link" aria-hidden="true"><span class="headeranchor"></span></a>Exercices</h2>
<p>Écrire un algo de création de LLC (Liste Linéaire Chaînée) avec des valeurs saisies par l’utilisateur.</p>
<pre><code class="python">def creationliste(nbval):
"""
: declaration
: ptr : Maillon
: cpt, val : int
: entrée nbval : int
: sortie tete : Maillon
: Précondition
: nbval > 0
"""
#Début
cpt = 0
for cpt in range(nbval):
print("valeur n°", cpt)
val = int(input())
if cpt == 0:
tete = Maillon()
tete.val = val
ptr = tete
else:
ptr.suivant = Maillon()
ptr = ptr.suivant
ptr.val = val
#endif
#endfor
ptr.suivant = None
return(tete)
#Fin
</code></pre>
<p>Écrire deux algos de recherche dans une liste : booléen en sortie et maillon en sortie</p>
<pre><code class="python">def recherche_booleen(tete, valeur):
"""
: declaration
: ptr : Maillon
: entrées
: tete : Maillon
: valeur : X
"""
# Début
ptr = tete
while ptr is not None:
if ptr.val == valeur:
return True
ptr = ptr.suivant
# endwhile
return False
# Fin
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="python">def recherche_maillon(tete, valeur):
"""
: entrées
: tete : Maillon
: valeur : X
: sortie
: ptr : Maillon
"""
# Début
ptr = tete
while ptr is not None:
if ptr.val == valeur:
return ptr
ptr = ptr.suivant
# endwhile
return None
# Fin
</code></pre>
<p>Écrire un algo qui compte le nombre d’éléments dans une liste</p>
<pre><code class="python">def compte(tete):
"""
: entrées
: tete : Maillon
: sortie
: compte : int
"""
# Début
ptr = tete
compte = 0
while ptr is not None:
compte += 1
ptr = ptr.suivant
# endwhile
return compte
# Fin
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="python">def insereTrie(tete, maillon):
"""
: entrées
: tete : Maillon
: maillon : Maillon
"""
# Début
if tete is None:
tete = maillon
else:
trouve = False
if maillon.val <= tete.val:
maillon.suivant = tete
tete = maillon
trouve = True
# endif
if not trouve:
ptr = tete
while ptr.suivant is not None and not trouve:
if maillon.val <= ptr.suivant.val and maillon.val >= ptr.val:
trouve = True
maillon.suivant = ptr.suivant
ptr.suivant = maillon
ptr = ptr.suivant
# endwhile
if not trouve:
ptr.suivant = maillon
# endif
# endif
# Fin
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="python">def supprimer(tete, valeur):
"""
: entrées
: tete : Maillon
: valeur : X
"""
# Début
if tete is not None:
ptr = tete
precedent = None
trouve = False
if tete.val == valeur:
trouve = True
while ptr.suivant is not None and not trouve:
precedent = ptr
if ptr.suivant.val == valeur:
trouve = True
ptr = ptr.suivant
# endwhile
if (not trouve and ptr.val == valeur) or trouve:
precedent.suivant = ptr.suivant
free(ptr)
# endif
# Fin
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="python">def combiner(tete1, tete2):
"""
: entrées
: tete1, tete2 : Maillon
: precondition :
: Les deux listes sont triées
"""
# Début
if not tete1:
return tete2
elif not tete2:
return tete1
# endif
tete3 = Maillon()
tete3.val = tete1.val if tete1.val <= tete2.val else tete2.val
tete3.suivant = None
ptr1, ptr2, ptr3 = tete1, tete2, tete3
while ptr1 or ptr2:
ptr3.suivant = Maillon()
if not ptr2 and ptr1:
ptr3.suivant.val = ptr1.val
ptr1 = ptr1.suivant
elif not ptr1:
ptr3.suivant.val = ptr2.val
ptr2 = ptr2.suivant
else:
if (ptr1.val <= ptr2.val):
ptr3.suivant.val = ptr1.val
ptr1 = ptr1.suivant
else:
ptr3.suivant.val = ptr2.val
ptr2 = ptr2.suivant
# endif
# endif
# endwhile
return tete3
# Fin
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="python">def autreCombiner(tete1, tete2):
"""
: entrées
: tete1, tete2 : Maillon
: precondition :
: Les deux listes sont triées
"""
# Début
if not tete1:
return tete2
elif not tete2:
return tete1
# endif
tete3 = Maillon()
tete3.val = tete1.val
tete3.suivant = None
ptr1, ptr2, ptr3 = tete1, tete2, tete3
# On copie la liste 1 dans celle qu'on retourne.
while ptr1:
ptr3.suivant = Maillon()
ptr3.suivant.val = ptr1.val
ptr1 = ptr1.suivant
ptr3 = ptr3.suivant
# endwhile
# On utilise l'algo précédemment écrit pour insérer la deuxième.
while ptr2:
insereTrie(tete3, ptr2)
ptr2 = ptr2.suivant
# endwhile
return tete3
</code></pre>
<p>Éclater une liste en deux listes contenant les nombres pairs et impairs.<br />
<pre><code class="python">def autreCombiner(tete1, tete2):
"""
: entrées
: tete1, tete2 : Maillon
: precondition :
: Les deux listes sont triées
"""
# Début
if not tete1:
return tete2
elif not tete2:
return tete1
# endif
tete3 = Maillon()
tete3.val = tete1.val
tete3.suivant = None
ptr1, ptr2, ptr3 = tete1, tete2, tete3
# On copie la liste 1 dans celle qu'on retourne.
while ptr1:
ptr3.suivant = Maillon()
ptr3.suivant.val = ptr1.val
ptr1 = ptr1.suivant
ptr3 = ptr3.suivant
# endwhile
# On utilise l'algo précédemment écrit pour insérer la deuxième.
while ptr2:
insereTrie(tete3, ptr2)
ptr2 = ptr2.suivant
# endwhile
return tete3
</code></pre></p></article></body></html>